Browsing by Author "Hardell, Lennart"
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- ItemCase-control study of the association between malignant brain tumours diagnosed between 2007 and 2009 and mobile and cordless phone use.(2013-10-22) Hardell, Lennart; Carlberg, Michael; Söderqvist, Fredrik; Mild, Kjell HanssonPrevious studies have shown a consistent association between long term use of mobile and cordless phones and glioma and acoustic neuroma but not for meningioma When used these phones emit radiofrequency electromagnetic fields RF EMFs and the brain is the main target organ for the handheld phone The International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC classified in May 2011 RF EMF as a group 2B i e a possible human carcinogen The aim of this study was to further explore the relationship between especially long term 10 years use of wireless phones and the development of malignant brain tumours We conducted a new case control study of brain tumour cases of both genders aged 18 75 years and diagnosed during 2007 2009 One population based control matched on gender and age within 5 years was used to each case Here we report on malignant cases including all available controls Exposures on e g use of mobile phones and cordless phones were assessed by a self administered questionnaire Unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed adjusting for age gender year of diagnosis and socio economic index using the whole control sample Of the cases with a malignant brain tumour 87 n 593 participated and 85 n 1 368 of controls in the whole study answered the questionnaire The odds ratio OR for mobile phone use of the analogue type was 1 8 95 confidence interval CI 1 04 3 3 increasing with 25 years of latency time since first exposure to an OR 3 3 95 CI 1 6 6 9 Digital 2G mobile phone use rendered an OR 1 6 95 CI 0 996 2 7 increasing with latency 15 20 years to an OR 2 1 95 CI 1 2 3 6 The results for cordless phone use were OR 1 7 95 CI 1 1 2 9 and for latency of 15 20 years the OR 2 1 95 CI 1 2 3 8 Few participants had used a cordless phone for 20 25 years Digital type of wireless phones 2G and 3G mobile phones cordless phones gave increased risk with latency 1 5 years then a lower risk in the following latency groups but again increasing risk with latency 15 20 years Ipsilateral use resulted in a higher risk than contralateral mobile and cordless phone use Higher ORs were calculated for tumours in the temporal and overlapping lobes Using the meningioma cases in the same study as reference entity gave somewhat higher ORs indicating that the results were unlikely to be explained by recall or observational bias This study confirmed previous results of an association between mobile and cordless phone use and malignant brain tumours These findings provide support for the hypothesis that RF EMFs play a role both in the initiation and promotion stages of carcinogenesis
- ItemCase-control study of the association between the use of cellular and cordless telephones and malignant brain tumors diagnosed during 2000-2003.(2006-01-30) Hardell, Lennart; Carlberg, Michael; Mild, Kjell HanssonWe performed a case control study on the use of cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for brain tumors diagnosed during 2000 2003 We report the results for malignant brain tumors with data from 317 cases 88 and 692 controls 84 The use of analog cellular phones yielded odds ratio OR of 2 6 and a 95 confidence interval CI of 1 5 4 3 increasing to OR 3 5 and 95 CI 2 0 6 4 with a 10 year latency period Regarding digital cellular telephones the corresponding results were OR 1 9 95 CI 1 3 2 7 and OR 3 6 95 CI 1 7 7 5 respectively Cordless telephones yielded OR 2 1 95 CI 1 4 3 0 and with a 10 year latency period OR 2 9 95 CI 1 6 5 2 The OR increased with the cumulative number of hours of use and was highest for high grade astrocytoma A somewhat increased risk was also found for low grade astrocytoma and other types of malignant brain tumors although not significantly so In multivariate analysis all three phone types studied showed an increased risk
- ItemCase-control study on cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for acoustic neuroma or meningioma in patients diagnosed 2000-2003.(2005-08-24) Hardell, Lennart; Carlberg, Michael; Hansson Mild, KjellWe performed a case control study on the use of cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for brain tumors We report the results for benign brain tumors with data from 413 cases 89 response rate 305 with meningioma 84 with acoustic neuroma 24 with other types and 692 controls 84 response rate For meningioma analogue phones yielded odds ratio OR 1 7 95 confidence interval CI 0 97 3 0 increasing to OR 2 1 95 CI 1 1 4 3 with a 10 year latency period Also digital cellular phones and cordless phones increased the risk to some extent For acoustic neuroma analogue phones gave OR 4 2 95 CI 1 8 10 increasing to OR 8 4 95 CI 1 6 45 with a 15 year latency period but based on low numbers Digital phones yielded OR 2 0 95 CI 1 05 3 8 whereas for cordless phones OR was not significantly increased In the multivariate analysis analogue phones represented a significant risk factor for acoustic neuroma
- ItemCell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data.(2009-08-06) Khurana, Vini G; Teo, Charles; Kundi, Michael; Hardell, Lennart; Carlberg, MichaelThe debate regarding the health effects of low intensity electromagnetic radiation from sources such as power lines base stations and cell phones has recently been reignited In the present review the authors attempt to address the following question is there epidemiologic evidence for an association between long term cell phone usage and the risk of developing a brain tumor Included with this meta analysis of the long term epidemiologic data are a brief overview of cell phone technology and discussion of laboratory data biological mechanisms and brain tumor incidence
- ItemCellular and cordless telephones and basal cell carcinoma: a case report.(2004-03-02) Hardell, Lennart; Mild, Kjell Hansson; Johansson, BengtDuring a 1 yr period a 50 yr old man had developed 6 basal cell skin cancer lesions on his scalp and face 5 of which were localized on the right side of his head The man had used an analog cellular telephone during 1987 1992 after 1992 he used a digital cellular telephone In addition he had used a cordless telephone since 1997 He always placed a phone on his right ear during phone calls The right side of this individual s head contained 5 of the 6 tumors that eventually developed
- ItemChildhood brain tumour risk and its association with wireless phones: a commentary.(2012-02-14) Söderqvist, Fredrik; Carlberg, Michael; Hansson Mild, Kjell; Hardell, LennartCase control studies on adults point to an increased risk of brain tumours glioma and acoustic neuroma associated with the long term use of mobile phones Recently the first study on mobile phone use and the risk of brain tumours in children and adolescents CEFALO was published It has been claimed that this relatively small study yielded reassuring results of no increased risk We do not agree We consider that the data contain several indications of increased risk despite low exposure short latency period and limitations in the study design analyses and interpretation The information certainly cannot be used as reassuring evidence against an association for reasons that we discuss in this commentary
- ItemDecreased survival of glioma patients with astrocytoma grade IV (glioblastoma multiforme) associated with long-term use of mobile and cordless phones.(2014-10-18) Carlberg, Michael; Hardell, LennartOn 31 May 2011 the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC categorised radiofrequency electromagnetic fields RF EMFs from mobile phones and from other devices that emit similar non ionising electromagnetic fields as a Group 2B i e a possible human carcinogen A causal association would be strengthened if it could be shown that the use of wireless phones has an impact on the survival of glioma patients We analysed survival of 1678 glioma patients in our 1997 2003 and 2007 2009 case control studies Use of wireless phones in the 20 years latency group time since first use yielded an increased hazard ratio HR 1 7 95 confidence interval CI 1 2 2 3 for glioma For astrocytoma grade IV glioblastoma multiforme n 926 mobile phone use yielded HR 2 0 95 CI 1 4 2 9 and cordless phone use HR 3 4 95 CI 1 04 11 in the same latency category The hazard ratio for astrocytoma grade IV increased statistically significant per year of latency for wireless phones HR 1 020 95 CI 1 007 1 033 but not per 100 h cumulative use HR 1 002 95 CI 0 999 1 005 HR was not statistically significant increased for other types of glioma Due to the relationship with survival the classification of IARC is strengthened and RF EMF should be regarded as human carcinogen requiring urgent revision of current exposure guidelines
- ItemEpidemiological evidence for a health risk from mobile phone base stations.(2010-07-28) Khurana, Vini G; Hardell, Lennart; Everaert, Joris; Bortkiewicz, Alicja; Carlberg, Michael; Ahonen, MikkoHuman populations are increasingly exposed to microwave radiofrequency RF emissions from wireless communication technology including mobile phones and their base stations By searching PubMed we identified a total of 10 epidemiological studies that assessed for putative health effects of mobile phone base stations Seven of these studies explored the association between base station proximity and neurobehavioral effects and three investigated cancer We found that eight of the 10 studies reported increased prevalence of adverse neurobehavioral symptoms or cancer in populations living at distances Under 500 meters from base stations None of the studies reported exposure above accepted international guidelines suggesting that current guidelines may be inadequate in protecting the health of human populations We believe that comprehensive epidemiological studies of long term mobile phone base station exposure are urgently required to more definitively understand its health impact
- ItemEpidemiological evidence for an association between use of wireless phones and tumor diseases.(2009-07-27) Hardell, Lennart; Carlberg, Michael; Hansson Mild, KjellDuring recent years there has been increasing public concern on potential cancer risks from microwave emissions from wireless phones We evaluated the scientific evidence for long term mobile phone use and the association with certain tumors in case control studies mostly from the Hardell group in Sweden and the Interphone study group Regarding brain tumors the meta analysis yielded for glioma odds ratio OR 1 0 95 confidence interval CI 0 9 1 1 OR increased to 1 3 95 CI 1 1 1 6 with 10 year latency period with highest risk for ipsilateral exposure same side as the tumor localisation OR 1 9 95 CI 1 4 2 4 lower for contralateral exposure opposite side OR 1 2 95 CI 0 9 1 7 Regarding acoustic neuroma OR 1 0 95 CI 0 8 1 1 was calculated increasing to OR 1 3 95 CI 0 97 1 9 with 10 year latency period For ipsilateral exposure OR 1 6 95 CI 1 1 2 4 and for contralateral exposure OR 1 2 95 CI 0 8 1 9 were found Regarding meningioma no consistent pattern of an increased risk was found Concerning age highest risk was found in the age group Under20 years at time of first use of wireless phones in the studies from the Hardell group For salivary gland tumors non Hodgkin lymphoma and testicular cancer no consistent pattern of an association with use of wireless phones was found One study on uveal melanoma yielded for probable certain mobile phone use OR 4 2 95 CI 1 2 14 5 One study on intratemporal facial nerve tumor was not possible to evaluate due to methodological shortcomings In summary our review yielded a consistent pattern of an increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma after 10 year mobile phone use We conclude that current standard for exposure to microwaves during mobile phone use is not safe for long term exposure and needs to be revised
- ItemExposure to an 890-MHz mobile phone-like signal and serum levels of S100B and transthyretin in volunteers.(2009-06-22) Söderqvist, Fredrik; Carlberg, Michael; Hansson Mild, Kjell; Hardell, LennartWhether low intensity non thermal microwave radiation alters the integrity of the blood brain barrier has been debated since the late 1970s yet no experimental study has been carried out on humans The aim of this study was to test using peripheral markers whether exposure to a mobile phone like signal alters the integrity of the human blood brain and blood cerebrospinal fluid barriers A provocation study was carried out that exposed 41 volunteers to a 30 min GSM 890 MHz signal with an average specific energy absorption rate distribution of 1 0 W kg in the temporal area of the head as measured over any 1g of contiguous tissue The outcome was assessed by changes in serum concentrations of two putative markers of brain barrier integrity S100B and transthyretin Repeated blood sampling before and after the provocation showed no statistically significant increase in the serum levels of S100B while for transthyretin a statistically significant increase was seen in the final blood sample 60 min after the end of the provocation as compared to the prior sample taken immediately after provocation p 0 02 The clinical significance of this finding if any is unknown Further randomized studies with use of additional more brain specific markers are needed
- ItemExposure to wireless phone emissions and serum beta-trace protein.(2010-07-02) Hardell, Lennart; Söderqvist, Fredrik; Carlberg, Michael; Zetterberg, Henrik; Mild, Kjell HanssonThe lipocalin type of prostaglandin D synthase or beta trace protein is synthesized in the choroid plexus lepto meninges and oligodendrocytes of the central nervous system and is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid beta trace protein is the key enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandin D2 an endogenous sleep promoting neurohormone in the brain Electromagnetic fields EMF in the radio frequency RF range have in some studies been associated with disturbed sleep We studied the concentration of beta trace protein in blood in relation to emissions from wireless phones This study included 62 persons aged 18 30 years The concentration of beta trace protein decreased with increasing number of years of use of a wireless phone yielding a negative beta coefficient 0 32 95 confidence interval 0 60 to 0 04 Also cumulative use in hours gave a negative beta coefficient although not statistically significant Of the 62 persons 40 participated in an experimental study with 30 min exposure to an 890 MHz GSM signal No statistically significant change of beta trace protein was found In a similar study of the remaining 22 participitants with no exposure beta trace protein increased significantly over time probably due to a relaxed situation EMF emissions may down regulate the synthesis of beta trace protein This mechanism might be involved in sleep disturbances reported in persons exposed to RF fields The results must be interpreted with caution since use of mobile and cordless phones were self reported Awareness of exposure condition in the experimental study may have influenced beta trace protein concentrations
- ItemFrom phenoxyacetic acids to cellular telephones: is there historical evidence for the precautionary principle in cancer prevention?(2004-04-19) Hardell, LennartIn the late 1970s the author and his colleagues published the first scientific evidence of an association between exposure to phenoxyacetic acids and chlorophenols and certain malignant tumors the study subjects were also exposed to contaminating dioxins such as 2 3 7 8 tetrachlorodibenzo p dioxin TCDD The results have been corroborated in other studies Over the years industry and its allied experts have attacked these studies but in 1997 IARC classified TCDD as a human carcinogen Group I The author and colleagues found an increased risk of non Hodgkins lymphoma NHL for subjects exposed to these chemicals or to some persistent organic pollutants the increasing incidence in Sweden leveled off in about 1990 The author postulated that the regulation of or ban on these chemicals in Sweden in the 1970s contributed to the now decreasing incidence of NHL Recent findings of an association between cellular telephones and brain tumors have provoked much unfounded criticism from industry and from the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority Thus the precautionary principle is prohibited and early warnings of a cancer risk ignored The experience of cancer risks from certain chlorinated phenols may serve as a model of how the precautionary principle could be used to take early warnings seriously Unfortunately the lessons of history seem to go unheeded as exemplified by the case of cellular telephones
- ItemFurther aspects on cellular and cordless telephones and brain tumours.(2003-01-15) Hardell, Lennart; Mild, Kjell Hansson; Carlberg, MichaelWe included in a case control study on brain tumours and mobile and cordless telephones 1 617 patients aged 20 80 years of both sexes diagnosed during January 1 1997 to June 30 2000 They were alive at the study time and had histopathology verified brain tumour One matched control to each case was selected from the Swedish Population Register The study area was the Uppsala Orebro Stockholm Link ping and G teborg medical regions of Sweden Exposure was assessed by a questionnaire that was answered by 1 429 88 cases and 1 470 91 controls In total use of analogue cellular telephones gave an increased risk with odds ratio OR 1 3 95 confidence interval CI 1 04 1 6 whereas digital and cordless phones did not overall increase the risk significantly Ipsilateral use of analogue phones gave OR 1 7 95 CI 1 2 2 3 digital phones OR 1 3 95 CI 1 02 1 8 and cordless phones OR 1 2 95 CI 0 9 1 6 The risk for ipsilateral use was significantly increased for astrocytoma for all studied phone types analogue phones OR 1 8 95 CI 1 1 3 2 digital phones OR 1 8 95 CI 1 1 2 8 cordless phones OR 1 8 95 CI 1 1 2 9 Use of a telephone on the opposite side of the brain was not associated with a significantly increased risk for brain tumours Regarding anatomical area of the tumour and exposure to microwaves the risk was increased for tumours located in the temporal area on the same side of the brain that was used during phone calls significantly so for analogue cellular telephones OR 2 3 95 CI 1 2 4 1 For acoustic neurinoma OR 4 4 95 CI 2 1 9 2 was calculated among analogue cellular telephone users When duration of use was analysed as a continuous variable in the total material the risk increased per year for analogue phones with OR 1 04 95 CI 1 01 1 08 For astrocytoma and ipsilateral use the trend was for analogue phones OR 1 10 95 CI 1 02 1 19 digital phones OR 1 11 95 CI 1 01 1 22 and cordless phones OR 1 09 95 CI 1 01 1 19 There was a tendency of a shorter tumour induction period for ipsilateral exposure to microwaves than for contralateral which may indicate a tumour promotor effect
- ItemLong-term mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma.(2014-07-31) Hardell, Lennart; Carlberg, Michael
- ItemLong-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours: increased risk associated with use for > or =10 years.(2007-08-20) Hardell, Lennart; Carlberg, Michael; Söderqvist, Fredrik; Mild, Kjell Hansson; Morgan, L LloydTo evaluate brain tumour risk among long term users of cellular telephones
- ItemMeningioma patients diagnosed 2007-2009 and the association with use of mobile and cordless phones: a case-control study.(2014-07-23) Carlberg, Michael; Söderqvist, Fredrik; Hansson Mild, Kjell; Hardell, LennartTo study the association between use of wireless phones and meningioma
- ItemMeta-analysis of long-term mobile phone use and the association with brain tumours.(2008-04-21) Hardell, Lennart; Carlberg, Michael; Söderqvist, Fredrik; Hansson Mild, KjellWe evaluated long term use of mobile phones and the risk for brain tumours in case control studies published so far on this issue We identified ten studies on glioma and meta analysis yielded OR 0 9 95 CI 0 8 1 1 Latency period of or 10 years gave OR 1 2 95 CI 0 8 1 9 based on six studies for ipsilateral use same side as tumour OR 2 0 95 CI 1 2 3 4 four studies but contralateral use did not increase the risk significantly OR 1 1 95 CI 0 6 2 0 Meta analysis of nine studies on acoustic neuroma gave OR 0 9 95 CI 0 7 1 1 increasing to OR 1 3 95 CI 0 6 2 8 using or 10 years latency period four studies Ipsilateral use gave OR 2 4 95 CI 1 1 5 3 and contra lateral OR 1 2 95 CI 0 7 2 2 in the or 10 years latency period group three studies Seven studies gave results for meningioma yielding overall OR 0 8 95 CI 0 7 0 99 Using or 10 years latency period OR 1 3 95 CI 0 9 1 8 was calculated four studies increasing to OR 1 7 95 CI 0 99 3 1 for ipsilateral use and OR 1 0 95 CI 0 3 3 1 for contralateral use two studies We conclude that this meta analysis gave a consistent pattern of an association between mobile phone use and ipsilateral glioma and acoustic neuroma using or 10 years latency period
- ItemMobile phone and cordless phone use and the risk for glioma - Analysis of pooled case-control studies in Sweden, 1997-2003 and 2007-2009.(2014-12-03) Hardell, Lennart; Carlberg, MichaelWe made a pooled analysis of two case control studies on malignant brain tumours with patients diagnosed during 1997 2003 and 2007 2009 They were aged 20 80 years and 18 75 years respectively at the time of diagnosis Only cases with histopathological verification of the tumour were included Population based controls matched on age and gender were used Exposures were assessed by questionnaire The whole reference group was used in the unconditional regression analysis adjusted for gender age year of diagnosis and socio economic index In total 1498 89 cases and 3530 87 controls participated Mobile phone use increased the risk of glioma OR 1 3 95 CI 1 1 1 6 overall increasing to OR 3 0 95 CI 1 7 5 2 in the 25 year latency group Use of cordless phones increased the risk to OR 1 4 95 CI 1 1 1 7 with highest risk in the 15 20 years latency group yielding OR 1 7 95 CI 1 1 2 5 The OR increased statistically significant both per 100h of cumulative use and per year of latency for mobile and cordless phone use Highest ORs overall were found for ipsilateral mobile or cordless phone use OR 1 8 95 CI 1 4 2 2 and OR 1 7 95 CI 1 3 2 1 respectively The highest risk was found for glioma in the temporal lobe First use of mobile or cordless phone before the age of 20 gave higher OR for glioma than in later age groups
- ItemMobile phone use and acoustic neuromas.(2005-04-12) Hardell, Lennart; Mild, Kjell Hansson
- ItemMobile phone use and risk of glioma in adults: results are difficult to interpret because of limitations.(2006-04-28) Hardell, Lennart; Mild, Kjell Hansson
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